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State governments have long struggled to fill information technology jobs , but a new nonprofit group is trying to turn that around with a new crop of professionals.

Govern for America is preparing to place its inaugural cohort of fellows across state governments next summer as the first component in what the organization's founders envision as a desperately needed pipeline for fresh talent. By building a network of partners across universities and government agencies, the mission is to help usher in 'the next generation of civic leaders,' Octavia Abell, the group's co-founder and chief executive, told StateScoop.

The program draws heavily from the experience Abell, 26, gained while serving as the director of strategy for Rhode Island's Office of Innovation alongside former state chief innovation officer Richard Culatta , who is now one of Govern for America's advisers. Rhode Island's innovation office runs an array of programs, including its own Government Innovation League , a leadership development program designed to get middle managers thinking differently about how to meet their goals while also building new collaborations across state agencies that may traditionally have had little interaction.

'What we found is we were able to activate individual leaders as change-makers but what that process wasn't as successful at doing is driving the broader culture shift in changing the way agencies are approaching problems and trying to develop solutions,' Abell said.

Young talent could help drive the broader culture shift toward innovation that many states seek, but like all states, Rhode Island struggles to compete with private industry. State jobs don't pay as much and aren't generally regarded as being very cool. And most damning, the infrastructure to move young workers into state government is broken — a situation Abell's co-founder and chief operating officer Kyleigh Russ, 27, discovered first-hand. Russ, who studied education policy at Harvard, said she went to her university's career services office with hopes of discovering what routes into a career as a policymaker were waiting.

'I was really surprised to learn that it's hard for people to get into policy roles,' Russ said. 'This isn't just a Harvard thing — now that I've been talking to tons of career service offices around the country, it's really hard for them to navigate the political and state and local government scenes.'

Confusion all around

Russ said she found government hiring processes opaque and confusing. Job titles were different everywhere and their relation to a career path was unclear, such as job designations like 'Special Assistant C-III.' Poorly designed local government websites were no help, and despite having what Russ characterized as a 'well-connected' support network guiding her along, she was 'running into roadblocks' at every turn.

But it's not entirely government's fault. Russ says schools deserve some of the blame, too, for not promoting public service as a career path.

'Harvard and a lot of the Ivies — and a lot of the schools in general — funnel people into consulting and banking and finance and tech,' she said. 'I started thinking ‘What is this process like for people who are not well-connected? If I'm having this trouble, I can only imagine the people who are less advantaged than I am, the kind of struggles they're facing.''

Abell and Russ, who say they've built a network of more than 60 recruiting partners since founding the nonprofit about nine months ago, are designing Govern For America with these shortcomings in the pipeline in mind. Its leader network includes people from diverse backgrounds who can mentor students, and also debunk the image of state government as a workplace where workers shuffle about as they wait for retirement.

Russ said the group also intends to carve out clearer career structures for government work.

'[Traditional careers] are so good at giving students a clear pathway of ‘first you're going to be an analyst, then you're going to be a consultant, then you're going to be a senior consultant, and then you're going to be a partner' and that's really comforting for students who their whole lives have been like ‘first I go to first grade, and then I go to second grade,'' Russ said.

Different from other fellowships

Govern for America distinguishes itself from other fellowship programs by focusing on state government and also by not limiting the types of careers it hires for. It also differs in that Abell and Russ insist that states hire and 'deeply embed' fellows as full-time state employees under existing job designations, rather than try to wait out the slow process of revising job titles.

By comparison, Code for America, an unrelated nonprofit that promotes digital government and innovation initiatives, long paired its fellows with government agencies to temporarily inject talent on individual projects, though the group did relaunch the program this spring with a more sustainable model in mind. Groups like FUSE Corps pair mid-level professionals with local government, and there are residency and placement programs for various policy areas.

But Abell said she saw an unfilled gap in the workforce infrastructure that the state government leaders she meets with struggle to bridge. Yet it's also one she says that young people moving back home or who interested in effecting social change can feel passionate about once they learn about it, as she did in Rhode Island.

'State government is just such an interesting layer because you have the potential to drive transformative impact for many, many people, but you're also working at a very close and personal level at times,' Abell said. 'My experience working in Rhode Island … transformed the way I thought about how I as one individual could be part of the solution and driving forward in our communities. That was something I wanted to seed and grow in the next generation to come.'

Govern for America is taking applications through October, with the first cohort of fellows to be announced in spring 2019. Abell said fellows will go through training that summer and be placed by July, but training and mentorship is designed to continue throughout the two-year fellowship.

Government as a family business

As they look forward, Russ said she and Abell sometimes talk about their pasts and how they each represent a side of the government workforce pipeline.

Abell started her journey through a family connection to former Louisiana Sen. Mary Landrieu's failed 2014 re-election campaign. She later joined Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo's policy team, which advised the creation of the innovation office that she would later join.

A combination of a family that emphasized the importance of public service and attendance at a high school that promoted the idea of converting social good will into action were formative, Abell said. During her senior year at Tulane University, she said she took a class taught by political strategist James Carville that inspired much of the thinking guiding her nonprofit today.

'That's really where I started seeing domestic politics as more of the channel for the types of impacts I wanted to have in terms of thinking about how we can strengthen our institutions and see policies and government as a product of the people inside them,' Abell said.

Viral infection mac os. When Russ didn't find the inroads into education policy she sought, she instead became a teacher at Boston's Edward Brooke Charter School.

'We always hear ‘politics is a game of who you know' and to me it really showed that's also what governing is,' Russ said. 'The bureaucracy is also that way, and that was really disturbing to me.'

During her first year as an educator, she said, a Mexican boy in her class was deported, reminding her of the power of policy.

'He started to tell me halfway through the year that he was worried, that his family was starting to get worried about ‘immigration talk' and that people in his neighborhood were potentially starting to leave and then one day I showed up and his best friend … was crying and he told me this student is not coming back because his family had to leave the country,' Russ said.

But more days than not, she saw the positive powers that policy could have, including her own school's resources providing high-quality education to students who wouldn't have had access otherwise. Getting people who are passionate about different topics the way she is passionate about education and putting them into roles in government where they can create change, she said, is why they made Govern For America.

At the request of Code For America, this story was updated on August 10, 2018 to point out that Code For America recently relaunched its fellowship program to have a more sustainable impact on government.

So, you've decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac's performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we'll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We'll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it's good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn't new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have 'fuel' to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren't comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic 'room cleaners'. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it's most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it's possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

'I can't download an old version of Mac OS X'

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don't expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you've completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it's possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

'I can't download an old version of Mac OS X'

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don't expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you've completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is 'captured' onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Govern Mac Os Catalina

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

Govern Mac Os Download

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.